Has long been known technique of making antibodies are
namely by injecting a conventional antigen into the animal’s body
experiments such as rats, mice, rabbits, horses. Antigen will stimulate the formation of antibodies that are often known as term vaccination (immunization). Antibodies generated Polyclonal conventional nature which has had some properties caused by antigen (vaccine) which is used
not purified, so the less specific for a particular purpose such as research and therapy. With the development of technology and knowledge of immunoglobulin molecules, now known hibridoma technique is a technique to combine the two kinds eukaryotes cells for the purpose of producing monoclonal antibodies in number of lots and not limited by time.
Antibodies are proteins that can be found in the blood plasma
and used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. They are made of a basic structure called
chain. Each antibody has two large heavy chains and two chains
light. Antibodies produced by this type of blood cells, called cell
B lymphocytes There are several different types of antibodies
heavy chain antibodies, and several different types of antibodies,
being entered into a different isotype based on the each heavy chain they belong. Five antibody isotype known to be in different mammalian body, which plays different roles and help direct the immune response
appropriate for each type of different foreign objects encountered.
Antibody (immunoglobulin) is a glycoprotein molecule that
composed of amino acids and carbohydrates.
Simply Immunoglobulin molecules can be described as resembling the letter Y with the hinge (hinge). Immunoglobulin molecule can be broken
Antigen is any foreign objects into the body (infect) a Organism. For example antigens are: foreign proteins, viruses, Protozoa, bacteria, fungi, worms, etc.. Need distinguished between the antigen with because not all imunogen
antigens can be imunogen. Imunogen are all objects when foreign organisms in the body will stimulate the emergence of an immune response (immune response). Each imunogen has the characteristics of a determinant
antigen or antigen determinant is called (epitope).
Antigen determinant is a glycoprotein molecule attached to the
cell membrane and acts as a determinant of the formation of molecules
immunoglobulin (antibody).
The lymphatic circulation plays a key role in the transport between cells. Function collect lymphatic fluid circulation of room network (between cells, interseluler) and return to the flow blood and finally to the heart. Colored translucent liquid fluid called lymph (lymph nodes). Lymph flow occurs because muscle movements and influences movement during breathing thorak.
Protein independent of the blood vessels back to the heart through
lymphatics. The lymphatic system plays an important role in maintaining blood volume by maintaining blood hydrostatic pressure, transport
fat.
Lymph channels are thin-walled channel that is composed of
endothelium, berkatup, and only consisted of one flow are joined to form the thoracic duct and lymph ducts dekster, and lymph channels emptying into the internal jugular vein and the left subclavian vein and The right internal jugular vein. Lymph channels are almost all organs except the nervous
and bone marrow. Lymph node is the jendolan lymph channels that function to produce lymphocytes, filters infectious diseases. Lympha part of the lymphatic system and circulation, producing lymphocytes and destroy red blood cells.
Human and other Vertebrate animals have a defense system
body which acts to protect itself from attack agenagen cause disease. Defense system can be classified into 2 types namely:
1. Nonspecific defense that nature (innate) means
been around since the organism is born, and applies to all
infectious agents.
2. Specific defense or defense also called the acquisition
(acquired) because the defense was obtained after the stimulation by a foreign body (infectious agents). Defense specifically it is the responsibility of Klone Klone-lymphocyte cells B, each specific to the antigen. Existence
interaction between antigen by B lymphocytes will Klone stimulates these cells to differentiate and proliferate so that the cells that have obtained an expression for klonal produce antibodies.
Study of the immune system (immune system) called Immunology.
If someone gets injured on the skin, the blood will flow out. Bleeding can be many, can be a bit. This depends on where the wound, the inside and vessels
where the subject’s blood. Bleeding can be stopped with:
1. Put pressure with a sterile Kassa on the wound it (if the small wound and clean). If the bleeding a bit many, dial in certain places, so pressing on the arteries.
2. After the bleeding stopped, give people with hot tea or hot coffee as mnuman freshener.
3. If a lot of blood comes out, until the patient appears pale, weak, his consciousness began modestly, rapid pulse and weak, hurry-hurry up bring the patient to the hospital. Maybe he require transfusion.
One component of blood elements is platelets or kepingkeping blood that has a role in the process (coagulation) of blood. Blood coagulation process is intended to damage to blood vessels, it does not happen
blood loss as much as possible. In certain conditions such as hemophilia can occur coagulation disorder or disturbance blood, blood, and consequently difficult menjedal body can loss of blood. Platelets derived from stem cells in bone marrow megakarosit which is developing into platelets. Platelet
small, easily broken, blood clotting 250,000 tercat blue.
Theory of blood coagulation by Morowitz (1904). In the event
bleeding, the tissue torn (broken) will cause platelet release through broken and thromboplastin. Thromboplastin and Ca ions then activate protrombin
to thrombin, and thrombin would affect the changes fibrinogen into fibrin threads that closed networks damaged.
White blood cells (SDP) or leukocytes (Leukocyte) comes from
myeloblast (stem cell). The formation of the SDP in the bone marrow.
The number of leukocytes in normal adults ranges from 5000 –
9000 per MM3. The types of SDP based on the core shape can be
differentiated into granulocytes and agranulosit SDP. SDP granulocytes
because it has a grain (granule) in the cytoplasm.
SDP granulocytes can be differentiated into 3 types namely:
1. Neutrophils are granulocytes which the SPD of a granule kecilkecil
pink. SDP granulocytes increased
amount at the time the body has a bacterial infection.
2. Eosinophils are granulocytes which the SPD of a granule
reddish. SDP has increased granulocytes in infectious diseases due to parasites.
3. Basophils are granulocytes which the SPD of a granule
purple and blue. SDP has increased granulocytes allergic reactions.
Agranulosit white blood cells because they do not have granules in the
cytoplasm. Agranulosit SDP can be divided into 2 types
namely:
1. Monocytes are a type of SDP agranulosit a nucleus
single, large, motil, blue tercat, serves as pagositik.
2. Lymphocytes: a single nucleus, a large, nonmotil, round, blue tercat,
functions produce antibodies.
Blood hemoglobin levels in normal conditions in humans vary
approximately 13 to 15 g / dL (in men) and 12 to 14 g / dL (in women). In certain circumstances a person Hb levels decreased or otherwise increased.
Hemoglobin has the following functions:
1. Transport of oxygen, each molecule of hemoglobin that has
HbO2 called oxygenated (oxyhemoglobin) containing 4
mole of oxygen.
2. Transport of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the network to the lungs
that is about 15% of the total CO2. Hb binds to the CO2 the clusters formed aminanya-karbamino hemoglobin.
3. Blood buffer for each mole of hemoglobin releases the oxygen that is
on the network, the mole Hb will bind 2 moles of protons
(H +).
Red blood cells (HR) or normal human erythrocytes numbers ranged between 5 – 5.5 million permm3 in men, and ranged from 4.5 to 5 million permm3 in women. On condition a certain amount of human resources decline or vice versa improvement.
Erythrocytes derived from eritron which is stem cell differentiation
(in the bone marrow). The formation of erythrocytes is regulated by
eritropoetin hormones.
Hemoglobin (Hb) is a functional molecules contained in in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and almost complete 34% of space in the red blood cells. The main function of hemoglobin is to carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from tissue to the lungs.
Hemoglobin is composed of the protein globin and feroprotoporfirin
(heme) that binds the nonkovalen. Globin protein hemoglobin A (adults) consists of over 80 amino acids and each subunit consists of 7 segments yan helik marked A-H. Heme in hemoglobin molecule is Fe atoms, and each molecule of hemoglobin has 4 Fe atoms in the form of Fe +2 (ferrous) that serves to tie oxygen reversibly. Thus, each hemoglobin molecule oxygenated or called HbO2 (oksiHb) containing 4 mol oxygen.
Oxygen-carrying molecule in vertebrates is hemoglobin and myoglobin. Hemoglobin derived from the word “hemo / heme” and “Globin” in Greek, which means hemo own “Blood” while the globin protein which is composed of 4 units or 4 subunit polypeptide or a protein which includes families from
hemoglobin and myoglobin.
Blood plasma serves as a solvent nutrients, waste metabolism, internal secretion, and gas. Human blood plasma mostly water and dissolved therein such substances; plasma proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, and globulins), compounds organic nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, and cholesterol), vitamins, minerals, inorganic salts, especially sodium chloride (NaCl), waste
metabolism, and gas.
Comparison between the 53% plasma and blood objects in Under normal conditions vary in the male of about 47% and the 45% female. In certain conditions the percentage of blood decreased or otherwise increased.
Value hematocrit is the ratio between the number of objects blood with blood plasma. Hematocrit value is one an indicator of physiological function parameters animals and humans.
In certain conditions can hematocrit value decreased or otherwise increased. Hematocrit measures the percentage of elements of blood and fluids. To detect the condition of polycythemia, anemia, dehydration or hydration.
Blood is opaque liquids (opaque), slightly thick,
bright red (oxygenated) and dark red (deoxygenated), weight species ranging from 1.06, the pH is slightly alkaline (7.2). If disentrifus (centrifuges) with certain rotational speed, it will separate into 2 parts
main:
1. clear yellow part is called plasma, and
2. the dark red is the blood objects consisting of: red blood cells (HR), white blood cells (SDP), and platelets (platelets, thrombocytes).